Institutions and institutionalisation: They're part of everyday life.

BACKGROUND: Institutions are established patterns of recurrent social relationships playing a fundamental part in all our lives. The family is the best-known institution, but other 'total' institutions serve as organisations directly affecting the lives of many individuals in the healthcare sector. OBJECTIVE: This paper examines the sociological theory of institutionalisation as applied to individuals admitted to aged-care facilities, where the complete life-rounds of inmates occur within clearly defined limits. The study provides a framework to enable general practitioners, nurses and healthcare professionals to better appreciate the processes involved as individuals adapt to their new environment. DISCUSSION: Sociology provides valuable insights for healthcare providers in understanding how individuals adapt to their loss of independent living and find themselves subjected to intimate regulation in the total institution. The biopsychosocial model of healthcare delivery is better understood when we as health professionals have greater insights to appreciate the competing processes at work.

Reaching New Heights: A Comprehensive Study of Hand Transplantations in Korea after Institutionalization of Hand Transplantation Law.

PURPOSE: With the revision of the Organ and Transplantation Act in 2018, the hand has become legal as an area of transplantable organs in Korea. In January 2021, the first hand allotransplantation since legalization was successfully performed, and we have performed a total of three successful hand transplantation since then. By comparing and incorporating our experiences, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive reconstructive solution for hand amputation in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Recipients were selected through a structured preoperative evaluation, and hand transplantations were performed at the distal forearm level. Postoperatively, patients were treated with three-drug immunosuppressive regimen, and functional outcomes were monitored. RESULTS: The hand transplantations were performed without intraoperative complications. All patients had partial skin necrosis and underwent additional surgical procedures in 2 months after transplantation. After additional operations, no further severe complications were observed. Also, patients developed acute rejection within 3 months of surgery, but all resolved within 2 weeks after steroid pulse therapy. Motor and sensory function improved dramatically, and patients were very satisfied with the appearance and function of their transplanted hands. CONCLUSION: Hand transplantation is a viable reconstructive option, and patients have shown positive functional and psychological outcomes. Although this study has limitations, such as the small number of patients and short follow-up period, we should focus on continued recovery of hand function, and be careful not to develop side effects from immunosuppressive drugs. Through the present study, we will continue to strive for a bright future regarding hand transplantation in Korea.

Exploring the Pathophysiology of Delirium: An Overview of Biomarker Studies, Animal Models, and Tissue-Engineered Models.

Delirium is an acute brain disorder associated with disorganized thinking, difficulty focusing, and confusion that commonly follows major surgery, severe infection, and illness. Older patients are at high risk for developing delirium during hospitalization, which may contribute to increased morbidity, longer hospitalization, and increased risk of institutionalization following discharge. The pathophysiology underlying delirium remains poorly studied. This review delves into the findings from biomarker studies and animal models, and highlights the potential for tissue-engineered models of the brain in studying this condition. The aim is to bring together the existing knowledge in the field and provide insight into the future direction of delirium research.

Análise das condições psíquicas de crianças e adolescentes submetidos à institucionalização / Analyses of the psychic conditions of children and adolescents undergoing institutionalization / Análisis de las condiciones psíquicas de niños y adolescentes em institucionalización

INTRODUÇÃO: As instituições de acolhimento visam suprir as necessidades materiais e emocionais daqueles que são colocados sob tutela do Estado. Contudo, alguns estudos evidenciam que é comum que instituições de acolhimento sejam deficitárias em relação ao número de funcionários que compõem a equipe técnica e que, em alguns casos, a criança ou adolescente permanece mais tempo nessas instituições do que o previsto pela legislação. OBJETIVO: Analisar se o período de permanência em uma instituição de acolhimento constitui um fator agravante para a manifestação de sofrimento psíquico. MÉTODO: A pesquisa foi realizada com 4 sujeitos institucionalizados (dois há mais tempo e dois há menos tempo) de uma casa de acolhimento localizada no município de Ourinhos ­ SP e com 4 profissionais da equipe técnica do local. Os dados foram coletados mediante entrevista semiestruturada, lúdica, anamnese, observação, análise documental e aplicação do teste projetivo HTP. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Observou-se que o tempo de acolhimento institucional é um fator que promove o aumento do sofrimento psíquico de pessoas institucionalizadas, pois, comparando-se o adolescente que residia há mais tempo no local e os demais, foi constatado que ele possuía mais prejuízos em seu desenvolvimento. Além disso, foi constatado que muitos dos sofrimentos das pessoas acolhidas eram resultantes de vivência anteriores à institucionalização. CONCLUSÃO: foi verificado que o processo de institucionalização caracteriza um rompimento doloroso entre o sujeito e suas figuras cuidadoras, pois, mesmo o acolhimento propiciando boas condições estruturais e materiais ao sujeito, ele não está preparado psicologicamente para um rompimento.

INTRODUCTION: Foster care institutions aim to meet the material and emotional needs of those placed under the tutelage of the State. However, some studies show that it is common for shelter institutions to be deficient in terms of the number of employees that make up the technical team and that, in some cases, the child or adolescent stays longer in these institutions than what is provided for by law. OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether the period of stay in a foster care institution constitutes an aggravating factor for the manifestation of psychic suffering. METHOD: The research was carried out with four institutionalized subjects (two for a longer and two for a shorter period) from a shelter located in the municipality of Ourinhos - SP and with four professionals from the local technical team. Data were collected through semi-structured, playful interviews, anamnesis, observation, document analysis, and application of the HTP projective test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It was observed that the time of institutional reception is a factor that promotes the increase of the psychic suffering of institutionalized people, because, comparing the adolescent who lived longer in the place and the others, it was found that he had further damage to their development. In addition, it was found that many of the sufferings of sheltered people were the result of experiences prior to institutionalization. CONCLUSION: it was verified that the institutionalization process characterizes a painful rupture between the subject and his caregivers because, even though the reception provides good structural and material conditions to the subject, he is not psychologically prepared for a rupture.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las instituciones de acogida tienen por objeto satisfacer las necesidades materiales y afectivas de quienes se encuentran bajo la tutela del Estado. Sin embargo, algunos estudios muestran que es común que las instituciones de acogida sean deficientes en cuanto al número de funcionarios que integran el equipo técnico y que en algunos casos el niño, niña o adolescente permanezca en estas instituciones más tiempo de lo que marca la ley. OBJETIVO: Analizar si el tiempo de permanencia en una institución de acogida constituye un factor agravante para la manifestación del sufrimiento psíquico. MÉTODO: La investigación fue realizada con 4 sujetos institucionalizados (dos por más tiempo y dos por menos tiempo) de un albergue ubicado en el municipio de Ourinhos - SP y con 4 profesionales del equipo técnico local. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevista semiestructurada, lúdica, anamnesis, observación, análisis de documentos y aplicación de la prueba proyectiva HTP. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Se observó que el tiempo de acogida institucional es un factor que promueve el aumento del sufrimiento psíquico de las personas institucionalizadas, pues, al comparar el adolescente que vivió más tiempo en el lugar y los demás, se verificó que tenía más perjuicios a su desarrollo. Además, se constató que muchos de los sufrimientos de las personas acogidas se debían a experiencias previas a la institucionalización. CONCLUSIÓN: se constató que el proceso de institucionalización caracteriza una ruptura dolorosa entre el sujeto y sus cuidadores, ya que, aunque la acogida proporcione buenas condiciones estructurales y materiales al sujeto, éste no está psicológicamente preparado para una ruptura.

Implicações da prática profissional no acolhimento institucional de crianças: perspectiva de cuidadoras / Implications of professional practice in children's institutional sheltering: caregivers' perspective / Implicaciones de la práctica profesional en el alojamiento institucional de niños: perspectiva de cuidadoras

Este estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo compreender, a partir da teoria de bioecológica de desenvolvimento, as implicações da prática profissional no processo de acolhimento de crianças em uma casa-abrigo, na perspectiva de cuidadoras. As participantes foram 10 profissionais de uma casa-abrigo localizada na região sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e a organização e análise dos dados sustentou-se na Grounded Theory, com auxílio do software Atlas.ti 8.4.14. Os resultados evidenciaram uma centralização das ações de acolhimento e atenção em torno dos cuidados físicos das crianças. As ações para promover suporte e cuidados emocionais dentro da casa-abrigo eram delegadas às profissionais da equipe técnica da instituição. Observou-se que as dificuldades encontradas pelas cuidadoras diziam respeito à falta de segurança e preparação para responder e acolher as demandas emocionais das crianças, as quais estão presentes em diversos momentos do processo de acolhimento. Percebeu-se que as práticas institucionais afetaram decisivamente tanto as ações de acolhimento das participantes e o suporte emocional oferecido às crianças na passagem pela casa-abrigo quanto as cuidadoras, no sentido de vivenciarem no trabalho sentimentos de insegurança. Os resultados tensionam ecologicamente a interação nos processos proximais presentes no desenvolvimento humano. Advoga-se pela reflexão sobre as implicações das práticas institucionais de uma casa-abrigo e o desenvolvimento infantil, visando o cuidado integral dos acolhidos.(AU)

Based on the developmental bioecological theory, this study analyzes the implications of professional practice in children's user embracement at a shelter from the caregivers' perspective. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 professionals from a shelter located in southern Brazil. Data organization and analysis was performed based on Grounded Theory using the Atlas.ti 8.4.14 software. Results showed that embracement and attention focus on the physical care of children. Support and emotional care activities were delegated to the institution's technical team. Caregivers faced difficulties regarding the lack of security and preparation to respond to and accept the children's emotional demands, which arise at different moments in the embracement process. The institutional practices decisively affected both user embracement actions and the emotional support offered to the children, as well as the caregivers, in the sense of experiencing feelings of insecurity. These findings ecologically tension the interaction in the proximal processes present in human development. Further reflections on the implications of institutional shelter-based practices for child development are needed to provide comprehensive care.(AU)

Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo comprender, desde la perspectiva de la teoría bioecológica del desarrollo, las implicaciones de la práctica profesional en el proceso de acogida de niños en una institución infantil desde la perspectiva de las cuidadoras. Las participantes fueron 10 profesionales de una institución de acogida infantil ubicada en la región Sur de Brasil. Se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada, y para la organización y análisis de datos se aplicó Grounded Theory, con el uso del software Atlas.ti 8.4.14. Los resultados mostraron que las acciones de recepción y atención se centran en el cuidado físico de los niños. Las acciones de promoción de apoyo y cuidado emocional dentro del alojamiento se asignaron a los profesionales del equipo técnico de la institución. Se observó que las dificultades encontradas por las cuidadoras estaban relacionadas con la falta de seguridad y preparación para responder y aceptar las demandas emocionales de los niños, las cuales se encuentran presentes en diferentes momentos del proceso de acogida. Se notó que las prácticas institucionales afectaron decisivamente tanto las acciones de acogida de las participantes como el apoyo emocional que la institución brinda a los niños durante su paso, así como a las cuidadoras en el sentido de experimentar sentimientos de inseguridad en el trabajo. Estos resultados tensan ecológicamente la interacción en los procesos proximales presentes en el desarrollo humano. Se aboga por reflexionar sobre las implicaciones de las prácticas institucionales en los alojamientos institucionales y el desarrollo infantil, apuntando a la atención integral de los acogidos.(AU)

Vagalumes e biografemas: poéticas e políticas públicas no desligamento institucional por maioridade / Fireflies and biographems: poetics and public policies regarding institutional removal due to adulthood / Luciérnagas y biografemas: poéticas y políticas públicas en desconexión institucional debido a la edad adulta

Este artigo versa sobre o processo de desligamento institucional por maioridade de jovens que residem em serviços de acolhimento. Aposta-se em uma política do sensível para visibilizar os encontros e desencontros que acontecem entre as e os jovens e as políticas públicas brasileiras. Para tanto, realizaram-se encontros com jovens que já haviam passado pelo processo de desligamento e com jovens que logo completariam 18 anos e teriam de sair das instituições de acolhimento. Para tornar visíveis essas existências, investiu-se na escrita de biografemas, inspirados na obra de Roland Barthes. Os conceitos de necropolítica e vidas precárias foram fundamentais para compreender as omissões do Estado no momento do desligamento. Verificou-se que o Estado pode maximizar a precariedade de algumas vidas, especialmente daquelas marcadas por características de raça, gênero e classe culturalmente marginalizados. Contudo, é também o encontro com as políticas públicas que garante melhores condições de vida para alguns, facilitando o acesso à universidade e ao mercado de trabalho. A pesquisa aponta que, diante do abandono, as e os jovens se fazem vagalumes, produzindo luminosidades em meio à escuridão e reivindicando o direito à vida.(AU)

This article discusses the process of institutional removal of young people that reside in foster care institutions for reaching adulthood. It relies on a politics of the sensitive to make visible the encounters and mismatches that take place between young people and Brazilian public policies. To do so, meetings were held with young people who had already experienced the removal process and with young people who would soon turn 18 and would have to leave the host institutions. To make these existences visible, this study invested in the writing of biographems, inspired by the works of Roland Barthes. The concepts of necropolitics and precarious lives were fundamental to understand the omissions of the State at the time of removal. It was also found that the State can maximize the precariousness of some lives, especially those marked by culturally marginalized race, gender, and class characteristics. However, it is also the encounter with public policies that ensures better living conditions for some, facilitating access to the university and the labor market. This research points out that, in the face of abandonment, young people become fireflies, producing luminosity amid the darkness and claiming the right to life.(AU)

Este artículo aborda el proceso de desconexión institucional justificado por la edad adulta de los jóvenes que residen en los servicios de acogida. Utilizamos una política sensible para hacer visibles las reuniones y los desajustes que tienen lugar entre los jóvenes y las políticas públicas brasileñas. Con este fin, se celebraron reuniones con los jóvenes que ya habían pasado por el proceso de desconexión institucional y también con los jóvenes que pronto cumplirían los 18 años y tendrían que abandonar las instituciones de acogida. Para hacer visibles estas existencias, se redactaron biografemas, inspirados en el trabajo de Roland Barthes. Los conceptos de necropolítica y vida precaria fueron fundamentales para comprender las omisiones del Estado en el momento de la desconexión. Se encontró que el Estado puede maximizar la precariedad de algunas vidas, principalmente de aquellas marcadas por características de raza, género y clase culturalmente marginadas. Sin embargo, el encuentro con las políticas también puede garantizar mejores condiciones de vida para algunos, facilitándoles el acceso a la universidad y al mercado laboral. Esta investigación señala que, ante el abandono, los jóvenes se convierten en luciérnagas, produciendo luminosidad en medio de la oscuridad y reclamando el derecho a la vida.(AU)

O mundo privado na UTI: análise da internação de pacientes oncológicos / The private world in the ICU: analysis of the hospitalization of oncology patientes / El mundo privado en la UCI: análisis de la hospitalización de pacientes oncológicos

O presente estudo buscou investigar a percepção que pacientes adultos de uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) oncológica têm acerca da experiência de internação nesse setor. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa e de compreensão. Sete pacientes de um hospital de câncer na região Sul do país foram pesquisados. Eles responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada, a qual foi gravada e posteriormente transcrita, o que possibilitou o acesso às concepções prévias desses sujeitos acerca da UTI, aspectos psicológicos presentes durante a internação e concepções posteriores à experiência de internamento na unidade. Tais informações foram interpretadas por meio da análise de conteúdo. A partir dos resultados, foi possível verificar que a experiência de internação em contextos de terapia intensiva pode ser afetada, favorável ou desfavoravelmente, pelo conjunto de regras que o paciente traz consigo acerca do que é a UTI. Além disso, foi possível compreender também que os estímulos aversivos existentes nesse ambiente podem ser atenuados pela presença da família e por uma relação acolhedora e sensível com a equipe de saúde, favorecendo, assim, o repertório de enfrentamento do paciente frente a esse momento crítico de saúde.(AU)

This study aims to investigate the perception of adult patients in an oncology intensive care unit (ICU) regarding the experience of hospitalization in this sector. This is a research with a qualitative approach and understanding. Seven patients from a cancer hospital in the southern region of the country were surveyed. They answered a semi-structured interview, which was recorded and later transcribed, on the subjects' previous conceptions about the ICU, psychological aspects present during hospitalization, and conceptions subsequent to the hospitalization experience in the Unit. Such information was interpreted through content analysis. From the results, it was possible to verify that the experience of hospitalization in intensive care contexts can be affected, favorably or unfavorably, by the set of rules that the patient brings with them about what the ICU is. In addition, it was also possible to understand that the aversive stimulus existing in this environment can be attenuated by the presence of the family and by a welcoming and sensitive relationship with the health team, thus favoring the patient's coping repertoire when facing a critical moment of health.(AU)

Este estudio pretendió investigar la percepción que tienen los pacientes adultos sobre la experiencia de hospitalización en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de oncología. Se trata de una investigación con enfoque cualitativo y de comprensión. Participaron siete pacientes de un hospital oncológico en la región Sur de Brasil. Se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada, que fue grabada y, posteriormente, transcrita, lo que permitió acceder a las concepciones previas de los sujetos sobre la UCI, los aspectos psicológicos presentes durante la hospitalización y las concepciones posteriores a la experiencia de internación en la Unidad. Dicha información se interpretó mediante análisis de contenido. A partir de los resultados, fue posible constatar que la experiencia de hospitalización en cuidados intensivos puede ser afectada favorable o desfavorablemente por el conjunto de normas que el paciente trae consigo sobre qué es la UTI. Además, se constató que los estímulos adversos existentes en este ambiente pueden mitigarse mediante la presencia de la familia y la relación acogedora y sensible con el equipo de salud, lo que favorece así el repertorio de afrontamiento del paciente ante este momento crítico de salud.(AU)

Vivências de trabalho precoce de adolescentes em medida socioeducativa / Experience of child labor of adolescents complying with a social-educational measure / Vivencias de trabajo infantil de adolescentes en medidas socioeducativas

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a vivência de trabalho precoce de adolescentes e jovens em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa, no estado da Paraíba. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um Questionário Mosquito Diagnóstico e uma Entrevista Semiestruturada. A análise foi realizada com o software Iramuteq, (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires), através da Análise Hierárquica Descendente, que gerou seis classes: significado do trabalho; infância e escola; condições objetivas de vida; trabalho, drogas e ato infracional; consequências do trabalho infantil; e trabalho infantojuvenil. A perspectiva teórica utilizada foi a psicologia histórico-cultural e os dados discutidos a partir do conceito de vivência. Conclui-se que as vivências e situações sociais de desenvolvimento foram caracterizadas pelo trabalho precoce que oportunizou o envolvimento com atos infracionais e as instituições responsáveis pela garantia de direitos em vez de garantir a proteção social, criminalizaram por meio de medidas socioeducativas.(AU)

This article aims to analyze the experience of child labor of adolescents and youngsters that are complying a social-educational measure, in the State of Paraíba. The instruments utilized were a Questionnaire Mosquito Diagnóstico and a Semi-Structured Interview. The analysis was performed by using the Iramuteq software (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires), by using Descending Hierarchical Analysis, which generated six classes: meaning of labor; childhood and school; objective conditions of life; labor, drugs, and act of infraction; consequences of child labor; and child labor. The theoretical perspective used was historical-cultural psychology and the data were discussed from the concept of experience. It was concluded that the experiences and social situations of development were characterized by child labor, which enabled the involvement with acts of infraction; and the institutions responsible for guaranteeing rights, instead of guaranteeing social protection, criminalized by using social-educational measures.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la vivencia precoz de adolescentes y jóvenes que cumplen medidas socioeducativas en el estado de Paraíba (Brasil). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un Cuestionario Mosquito Diagnóstico y una entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis se realizó con el software Iramuteq (Interface de R pour les Multidimensionnelles Analyzes de Textes et de Questionnaires), mediante análisis jerárquico descendente, que generó seis clases: Significado del trabajo; Infancia y escuela; Condiciones objetivas de vida; Trabajo, drogas y acto de infracción; Consecuencias del trabajo infantil; y Trabajo infantojuvenil. La perspectiva teórica que se utilizó fue la psicología histórico-cultural, y los datos se discutieron desde el concepto de vivencia. Se concluye que las vivencias y situaciones sociales de desarrollo se caracterizaron por trabajo infantil que permitió la participación en infracciones y que las instituciones responsables de garantizar los derechos en lugar de la protección social los criminalizaron mediante medidas socioeducativas.(AU)

Sexualidades amordaçadas: a atualidade dos falatórios de stella do patrocínio / Sexualidades amordazadas: la actualidad de los conversaciones de stella do patrocínio / Gagged sexualities: the topicality of stella do patrocínio's speeches

Resumo No contexto atual de retrocessos no campo da saúde mental, dos direitos sexuais e dos direitos reprodutivos, os falatórios poéticos de Stella do Patrocínio ecoam como registros de um passado manicomial que insiste em retornar. O objetivo deste artigo é problematizar os falatórios de Stella do Patrocínio, contidos no seu livro póstumo "Reino dos bichos e dos animais é o meu nome" (2001), no que se refere às sexualidades. A partir de um diálogo interseccional, tais falatórios permitiram ver uma sexualidade associada a enquadramentos normativos de gênero, raça e classe e seus efeitos nos processos de subjetivação. Além disso, foi evidente a articulação entre a lógica asilar, a biopolítica e a eugenia com os saberes e práticas das ciências psis que tendem à tutela e normalização das sexualidades, principalmente de corpos como o de Stella. Portanto, Stella nos deixa importantes contribuições e questionamentos para o campo da psicologia.

Resumen En el contexto actual de retrocesos en el campo de la salud mental, los derechos sexuales y los derechos reproductivos, las diatribas poéticas de Stella do Patrocínio resuenan como registros de un pasado asilo que insiste en volver. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir el discurso de Stella do Patrocínio, contenido en su libro póstumo "Reino dos bichos e dos animais é o meu nome" (2001), en relación a las sexualidades. A partir del diálogo interseccional, tales chismes permitieron vislumbrar una sexualidad asociada a marcos normativos de género, raza y clase y sus efectos en los procesos de subjetivación. Además, se evidenció la articulación entre la lógica del asilo, la biopolítica y la eugenesia con los saberes y prácticas de las ciencias psi que tienden a la protección y normalización de las sexualidades, principalmente de cuerpos como el de Stella. Por lo tanto, Stella nos deja importantes aportes e interrogantes para el campo de la psicología.

Abstract In the current context of setbacks in the field of mental health, sexual rights and reproductive rights, Stella do Patrocínio's poetic rants echo like records of an asylum past that insist on returning. The aims of this article is to problematize Stella do Patrocínio's gabbles, contained in her posthumous book "Reino dos bichos e dos animais é o meu nome" (2001), with regard to sexualities. Based on an intersectional dialogue, such talks allowed us to see a sexuality associated with normative frameworks of gender, race and class and their effects on the processes of subjectivation. Furthermore, the articulation between asylum logic, biopolitics and eugenics with the knowledge and practices of the psi sciences that tend to the custody and normalization of sexualities, mainly on bodies like Stella's, was evident. Therefore, Stella leaves us with important contributions and questions to the field of psychology.

A arte de partejar um programa de pós-graduação em história: os 20 anos do Programa de Pós-graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde: entrevista com Margarida de Souza Neves / The art of giving birth to a graduate program in history: on the 20th anniversary of the Graduate Program in the History of the Sciences and Health: interview with Margarida de Souza Neves

Resumo A entrevista aborda a participação de Margarida de Souza Neves, professora emérita da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, na criação do Programa de Pós-graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Para celebrar os 20 anos de existência do PPGHCS, professores que passaram pela coordenação se reúnem com a entrevistada para refletir sobre os significados da formação de um programa na área de história especializado em pesquisas sobre ciências e saúde no Brasil.

Abstract This interview explores the participation of Margarida de Souza Neves, professor emeritus at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, in the creation of the Graduate Program in the History of the Sciences and Health at Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. To celebrate the twentieth anniversary of this graduate program, professors who have served as coordinators met with Professor Neves to reflect on the meanings of shaping a program in the area of history specializing in research on science and health in Brazil.

The institutionalisation of biology in the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1866-1894 / A institucionalização da biologia na British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1866-1894

Abstract Biology, like most scientific disciplines, emerged in the nineteenth century. However, disciplinary institutionalisation processes are not linear; a concept can be proposed, but not develop. Biology originated in the presence of established traditions such as anatomy, physiology, botany, and zoology, which represent the thematic and practical diversity under which it was understood. Based on the records of the annual meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the process by which biology emerged will be described. We will also recount how the discipline underwent changes throughout the century, where contrasting methodologies and theories were emphasized at different times.

Resumo A biologia, assim como a maioria das disciplinas, surgiu no século XIX. No entanto, os processos de institucionalização das disciplinas não são lineares; um conceito pode ser proposto, mas não ser desenvolvido. A biologia originou-se em meio a tradições estabelecidas, como a anatomia, fisiologia, botânica e zoologia, que representam a diversidade temática e prática sob a qual era compreendida. O processo do qual a biologia emergiu será descrito com base nos registros dos encontros anuais da British Association for the Advancement of Science. Relatamos também como a disciplina passou por modificações ao longo do século, em que metodologias e teorias contrastantes ganharam evidência em diferentes momentos.

Capacity Building for Health Technology Assessment in Jordan: Institutionalization and Its Use in Pricing and Reimbursement Decisions.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the process of the institutionalization of health technology assessment (HTA) in Jordan. In particular, this study presents local policy perspectives on capacity building for HTA and the progress made toward its use in pricing and reimbursement decisions. HTA CAPACITY BUILDING: University-based education and professional development training in pharmacoeconomics and pharmaceutical policy have been the starting points to create a receptive environment, necessary expertise, and local tools across many settings in Jordan. International collaboration with HTA supporting bodies helped to build connections and informed policy development on local levels through projects, meetings, and discussions. HTA INSTITUTIONALIZATION AND ITS USE IN PRICING AND REIMBURSEMENT DECISIONS: Institutionalizing HTA in the King Hussein Cancer Center and the Royal Medical Services was the driving factor for HTA implementation and practice advancement; nevertheless, process transparency and experience sharing through reports and publications are still limited. The Jordan Food and Drug Administration's pricing and formulary decisions require pharmacoeconomic consultation in selected cases according to the Jordanian Drug Law. Nevertheless, there is a lack of local methodological guidelines for conducting HTA. In addition, HTA practitioners and the regulatory scope of future HTA activities in Jordan cannot be determined yet. RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Over the past 2 decades, Jordan has crossed a number of milestones and advanced further to implement HTA as a tool for evaluating health interventions. As a next step, legislation is needed to mandate the use of HTA and to enhance transparency in decision-making processes.

O poeta não existe mais: Pedro Nava e os impasses da institucionalização da reumatologia no Brasil, 1949-1961 / Gone is the poet: Pedro Nava and the impasses in the institutionalization of rheumatology in Brazil, 1949-1961

Resumo O artigo analisa um aspecto pouco conhecido da trajetória de Pedro Nava: seu envolvimento na institucionalização da reumatologia no Brasil. Por meio de uma gama de materiais de arquivo, como revistas médicas, correspondência, cadernetas, relatórios técnicos e matérias de jornal, procura recuperar diversos mecanismos mobilizados por Nava no movimento de legitimação de uma nova área da medicina no Brasil a partir dos anos 1940. Como se busca demonstrar, seus esforços incluíram a criação de redes no exterior, a fundação de departamentos, a participação ativa no periódico Brasil Médico , o desenvolvimento de um léxico próprio para a reumatologia, relações com o Estado e a criação de associações.

Abstract A little-known facet of the trajectory of Pedro Nava is analyzed, namely, his involvement in the institutionalization of rheumatology in Brazil. Drawing on multiple primary sources, including medical journals, correspondence, notebooks, technical reports, and newspaper stories, the range of mechanisms Nava galvanized in the effort to legitimize this new area of medicine in Brazil as of the 1940s are shown. These include his efforts to forge networks outside the country, create new departments, take active part in the journal Brasil Médico, develop a specialized lexicon for rheumatology, liaise with the State, and found new associations.

The influence of multiple frailty profiles on institutionalization and all-cause mortality in community-living older adults.

BACKGROUND: Frailty in older adults is associated with adverse geriatric outcomes. Physical frailty is often accompanied by problems in the cognitive, psychological, and social domains. This study investigated the ability of physical frailty combined with other health domains to predict institutionalization and mortality. METHODS: A national sample of 9171 Koreans aged 65 years or older were surveyed at baseline in 2008 and 3 year follow-up. Those who were prefrail or frail according to the Fried criteria were conceived to have physical frailty. Psychological frailty, cognitive frailty, and social frailty were defined as having depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, and social vulnerabilities, respectively, in addition to physical frailty. Using Cox proportional hazards and competing-risks regression, the risk of mortality and institutionalization by the number and profiles of different frailty domains was analysed. RESULTS: At baseline, the 9171 participants were aged 73.1 (±6.8) years on average (median: 72, range: 65 to 103), and 59.2% were women. Multidomain frailty was highly prevalent (49.3%), with 6.1% concurrently displaying frailty in all four domains (mixed frailty). The risk of negative health outcomes increased with frailty in a higher number of domains with a subhazard ratio (SHR) of 3.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.83, 6.62; P < 0.001) for institutionalization and a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.95 (95% CI: 2.62, 5.93; P < 0.001) for mortality among those presenting mixed frailty. Psychological frailty (depressive symptoms combined with physical frailty) was strongly predictive of institutionalization (SHR = 2.85; 95% CI: 1.45, 5.59; P = 0.002) and mortality (HR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.61, 3.78; P < 0.001). When combined with physical frailty and either depressive symptoms or social vulnerabilities, cognitive impairment also exhibited a significantly elevated risk of negative events. Physical frailty alone was not a strong predictor of adverse events, especially for mortality (HR = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.67; P = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS: Co-occurrence of physical frailty with other domains is common in late life. The presence of frailty in multiple domains raises the risk of adverse outcomes, with the effects varying by multidimensional profiles.

Ser e dever ser médico: a Gaceta Médica de México como um manual "não sistematizado" de saberes, 1860-1890 / On being a physician: the Gaceta Médica de México as an unsystematized manual of knowledge, 1860-1890

Resumo Discute-se neste artigo o papel desempenhado pela Gaceta Médica de México no processo de institucionalização e profissionalização da medicina científica no país entre 1860 e 1890. A partir da noção de tecnologia literária utilizada por Steven Shapin e Simon Schaffer e da análise qualitativa de relatórios médicos com enunciados típicos, examina-se o modo como os membros da Academia Nacional de Medicina, instituição responsável pelo periódico, e da Escola Nacional de Medicina coletivizaram suas experiências e prescreveram formas de ser e agir por meio de suas publicações. Busca-se demonstrar o caráter de "manual não sistematizado" da publicação, importante instrumento de normatização e regulação dos saberes médicos no México nesse período.

Abstract This article discusses the role played by the Gaceta Médica de México in the process of institutionalizing and professionalizing scientific medicine in Mexico from 1860 to 1890. From the notion of literary technology utilized by Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer and qualitative analysis of medical reports containing typical discourse, we examine how members of the Mexican National Academy of Medicine (the institution responsible for this journal) and the National School of Medicine collected their experiences and prescribed ways of being and acting through their publications. The aim is to demonstrate how this periodical acted as an unsystematized manual, an important instrument for normalizing and regulating medical knowledge in Mexico during this period.

Diagnósticos e memórias: estudo de caso de uma vida marcada pelo crime e pela loucura / Diagnostics and memories: a case study of a life characterized by crime and madness

Este artigo visa a discutir a categoria loucocriminoso à luz dos rastros de passagem de uma interna no extinto Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Heitor Carrilho (HCTPHH) por mais de três décadas, denominada aqui de Maria dos Anjos, considerando: a. a conjugação dos dois enigmas da condição humana no crime e loucura, arregimentados nesse termo; b. as consequências deletérias de um dos inúmeros diagnósticos atribuídos a ela, mais especificamente, a psicopatia; c. as sequelas subjetivas resultantes da longa internação/institucionalização bem como os rastros de vida e as práticas de resistência esboçadas pela interna em sua trajetória institucional. Os corpora desta pesquisa são constituídos pelo prontuário da paciente, notas de campo realizadas dentro e fora da instituição e pelas transcrições de entrevistas de pesquisa realizadas com a paciente. A análise evidenciou uma história de vida sinuosa marcada por uma travessia por diferentes instituições custodiais e de tratamento e por sutilezas que sugerem que as estratégias de intervenção adotadas não produziram os efeitos esperados: a condição delirante foi mantida. Ainda, aponta-se a incerteza quanto ao lugar onde a internada deveria ficar: prisão ou hospital de custódia e tratamento psiquiátrico.

This study aims at discussing the mentally ill criminal category in light of the former Heitor Carrilho Custody and Treatment hospital female inmate ́s life remains for more than three decades, named Maria dos Anjos by taking into account: a. the articulation between two conundrums of human nature, crime and madness encompassed by the term mentally ill criminal; b. the damaging consequences of one among many diagnoses assigned to her, namely psychopathy; c. the subjective damages that arose from long periods of institutionalization as well as her life remains and some practices of resistance employed throughout her institutional career. Inmate ́s file records, research field notes that have registered activities in and out of the institution and transcripts of research interviews granted by the patient integrate the research data. The analysis has pointed out that a winding life story is marked by a path on different custodial and treatment institutions and by nuances which indicates that the selected intervention strategies have not been followed by the expected clinical effects since Maria dos Anjos remained delusional. It is also highlighted that the doubt whether the intern would have benefited more from a treatment in a forensic hospital or a prison has remained.

Factors Associated with Prolonged Institutionalization in Mentally Ill People with and Without a History of Violence and Legal Involvement: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This is a cross-sectional study carried out on 34 individuals hospitalized for a long period in the Federal District, in Brazil. To evaluate factors related to prolonged institutionalization in mental patients with history of violence and criminal records. Individuals found were assorted into two groups: with and without criminal records. We analyzed 56 items by reviewing medical records and health records. Demographic and social data, history of violence, criminal involvement, medical history, substance use, and other aspects related to long hospitalizations, by reviewing medical and health records. We found a profile of male individuals: single, male, with an average age of 47.6 years, low education, and little professional qualification from correctional facilities or long-term psychiatric clinics and hospitals. Most men had a history of aggressive behavior, a leading psychiatric diagnosis of psychosis, and an issue with polypharmacy. Two factors showed statistical significance and were highly related to longer institutionalizations: polypharmacy and records of hospitalization for violent behavior. Further studies with these populations are needed to increase knowledge on the subject. They can help health care systems to improve and provide broad, humanized and quality assistance with multi-professional teams, aiming to reduce prolonged hospitalizations.

ERAS program adherence-institutionalization, major morbidity and anastomotic leakage after elective colorectal surgery: the iCral2 multicenter prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs influence morbidity rates and length of stay after colorectal surgery (CRS), and may also impact major complications and anastomotic leakage rates. A prospective multicenter observational study to investigate the interactions between ERAS program adherence and early outcomes after elective CRS was carried out. METHODS: Prospective enrolment of patients submitted to elective CRS with anastomosis in 18 months. Adherence to 21 items of ERAS program was measured upon explicit criteria in every case. After univariate analysis, independent predictors of primary endpoints [major morbidity (MM) and anastomotic leakage (AL) rates] were identified through logistic regression analyses including all significant variables, presenting odds ratios (OR). RESULTS: Institutional ERAS protocol was declared by 27 out of 38 (71.0%) participating centers. Median overall adherence to ERAS program items was 71.4%. Among 3830 patients included in the study, MM and AL rates were 4.7% and 4.2%, respectively. MM rates were independently influenced by intra- and/or postoperative blood transfusions (OR 7.79, 95% CI 5.46-11.10; p < 0.0001) and standard anesthesia protocol (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.96; p = 0.028). AL rates were independently influenced by male gender (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.06-2.07; p = 0.021), intra- and/or postoperative blood transfusions (OR 4.29, 95% CI 2.93-6.50; p < 0.0001) and non-standard resections (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.01-2.22; p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: This study disclosed wide room for improvement in compliance to several ERAS program items. It failed to detect any significant association between institutionalization and/or adherence rates to ERAS program with primary endpoints. These outcomes were independently influenced by gender, intra- and postoperative blood transfusions, non-standard resections, and standard anesthesia protocol.